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It is worth pointing out that Landsat 8 images are provided with band-specific rescaling factors that allow for the direct conversion from DN to TOA reflectance. However, the effects of the atmosphere (i.e. a disturbance on the reflectance that varies with the wavelenght) should be considered in order to measure the refletance at the ground. As described by Moran et al. (1992), the land surface reflectance (ρ) is:
ρ = [π * (Lλ - Lp) * d^2]/ [Tv * ( (ESUNλ * cosθs * Tz ) + Edown )]
where:
- Lp is the path radiance
- Tv is the atmospheric transmittance in the viewing direction
- Tz is the atmospheric transmittance in the illumination direction
- Edown is the downwelling diffuse irradiance