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   v.transform performs an affine transformation (translate and rotate) of
   a vector map. An affine transform includes one or several linear
   transformations (scaling, rotation) and translation (shifting). Several
   linear transformations can be combined in a single operation. The
   command can be used to georeference unreferenced vector maps or to
   modify existing geocoded maps.

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   When using an ASCII table containing source and target coordinate
   pairs, in each row four coordinate values separated by white space have
   to be specified. Comments are permitted and have to be indicated by a
   '#' character.

   Example for a points file of a linear transformation from XY to UTM
   coordinates (L: left, R: right, U: upper, L: lower, N, S, W, E):

# Linear transformation from XY to UTM coordinates:
# 4 maps corners defined
# UL NW
# UR NE
# LR SW
# LL SE
-584  585  598000 4920770
 580  585  598020 4920770
 580 -600  598020 4920750
-584 -600  598000 4920750

   The ground control points may be also (ir)regularly distributed and can
   be more than four points.

   Transformation parameters (i.e. xshift, yshift, etc.) can be fetched
   from attribute table connected to the vector map. In this case vector
   objects can be transformed with different parameters based on their
   category number. If the parameter cannot be fetched from the table,
   default value is used instead.

  Affine Transformation Matrix

   The affine transfomation matrix can optionally be printed with the '-m'
   flag. The format of the matrix is:

| x_offset a b |
| y_offset d e |

   This format can be used in the [1]Affine() function of PostGIS
   [Affine(geom, a, b, d, e, xoff, yoff)], or directly compared to the
   output of a similar operation performed in R.

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  DXF/DWG drawings

   Most DXF/DWG drawings are done within XY coordinate space. To transform
   them to a national grid, we can use 'v.transform' with a 4 point
   transformation.

v.transform -t in=watertowerXY out=watertowerUTM points=wt.points zscale=0.04 z
shift=1320

  Extrude 2D vector points to 3D based on attribute column values

   Spearfish example with manual table editing for vertical shift:

# create table containing transformation parameters:
echo "create table archsites_t (cat int, zs double)" | db.execute
# insert transformation parameters for category 1:
echo "insert into archsites_t values (1, 1000)" | db.execute
# insert transformation parameters for category 2 (and so forth):
echo "insert into archsites_t values (2, 2000)" | db.execute

# perform z transformation:
v.transform -t input=archsites output=myarchsites3d column="zshift:zs" table="a
rchsites_t"
# drop table containing transformation parameters:
echo "drop table archsites_t" | db.execute

   The resulting map is a 3D vector map.

  Extrude 2D vector points to 3D based on attribute column values

   Spearfish example with automated elevation extraction for vertical
   shift:

# work on own map copy:
g.copy vect=archsites@PERMANENT,myarchsites
# add new 'zs' column to later store height of each site:
v.db.addcol myarchsites col="zs double precision"

# set region to elevation map and fetch individual heights:
g.region rast=elevation.10m -p
v.what.rast myarchsites rast=elevation.10m col=zs
# verify:
v.db.select myarchsites

# perform transformation to 3D
v.transform -t myarchsites output=myarchsites3d column="zshift:zs" table=myarch
sites
# drop table containing transformation parameters
v.db.dropcol myarchsites3d col=zs

   The resulting map is a 3D vector map.

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   [2]v.in.ogr

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   Radim Blazek, ITC-irst, Trento, Italy,
   Column support added by Martin Landa, FBK-irst (formerly ITC-irst),
   Trento, Italy (2007/09)

   Last changed: $Date: 2007-10-15 04:56:34 -0500 (Ðн, 15 Ð¾ÐºÑ 2007) $

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References

   1. http://postgis.refractions.net/docs/ch06.html#id2904406
   2. file://localhost/root/tmp/2/fin/v.in.ogr.html