Использование технологий ГИС и ДЗЗ в целях решения задачи уменьшения или предотвращения риска столкновений самолётов с птицами в приаэропортовых зонах
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Ниже – объяснение причин создания темы.
Эта тема выделена отдельно из-за ее специфики (тема лежит на стыке изучения природных и социальных аспектов), а также по причине необходимости такого обзора для конкретной работы, которую я провожу.
Мой проект (MSc) направлен на разработку методов предсказывающих распределение одного вида птиц (Black Vulture) при использовании технологий ГИС и ДЗЗ в приаэропортовых зонах Бразилии (на примере модельных аэропортов). Знаю я пока очень мало по теме, поэтому мне очень важно просмотреть, что делается в этих направлениях в мире, попробовать найти методики, которые я могла бы использовать.
Пока тщательный лит. обзор я не делала по той причине, что не очень было понятно что вообще искать.. Изначальное изложение передо мной задачи едва ли занимало пол страницы текста, так что все идеи - производились с нуля.
Поверхностный просмотр работ (гл.обр. не самих научных публикаций, а их кратких популярных изложений)) - то, что удалось найти в Интернете по общим поисковым словам, показал, что в мире такая проблема рассматривается очень серьезной, на ее решение выделяют много финансов и людских ресурсов. Но ГИС аспект в сочетании с проведением анализа, который бы выявлял особенности поведения птиц в полете, связи этого распределения с географическими и погодными переменными - я пока не встречала. А мне требуется развивать проект именно в этом ключе.
Как кажется, главное направление ведения таких проектов, развиваемое в разных странах, – это создание огромной базы данных встреч птиц и затем - применение мат. методов, позволяющих рассчитать вероятность встречи с птицей в той или иной точке воздушного пространства..
Но мой обзор был кратким, т.к. сначала было важно попробовать что-то и вообще понять – какими методами (ГИС, ДДЗ, etc) к этому вообще можно подходить. Для меня это совпадает и вообще с более серьезным освоением этими технологиями (... надеюсь, непростую мою задачу я обозначила).
В общем, буду крайне благодарна за размещение здесь любой информацией по данному аспекту, интересуют как реализованные научные программы (публикации или отчеты по ним), где данная проблеме решалась при задействовании ГИС-ДЗЗ методов, мат-статистических методов, так и названия самих проектов, организаций, которые этим занимались, люди с которыми можно было бы связаться и спросить что-то и т.п.
Также и обсуждение материалов или же идей по способам разработки этой задачи также очень приветствуются.
Не знаю насколько эта проблема актуальная для России, но вдруг кто-то что-то знает или работал, сейчас важно всё, а даже от одного источника можно найти многие другие.
Я сама также буду помещать найденное мной и комментировать методы, мне это помогает и стимулирует всё быстрее выстраивать в действенные схемы.
Итоги этого сбора (в виде лит. материалов, ссылок и пр.) - я обязуюсь позже оформить в статью вики на ресурсе, точнее если кто-то еще сочтет это полезным и возникнет желание это увидеть в таком виде.
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Для ознакомления размещаю в приложении текст этого проекта (это текст заявки, который подавался в комиссию университета, язык - Английский). Они приняли его несмотря на то, что в основном изложенные там амбициозные идеи не подкреплены никакой теорией..
(но может потому и приняли, как я вижу уже бразильские студенты по направлению Экологии не слишком амбициозны и прямо таки скучны в своих научных целях).
Если по проекту будут высказаны какие-то советы, идеи, комментарии (любого рода, в т.ч. и критического, конечно) буду очень благодарна!!
Для лучшего понимания сути проблемы и целей проекта достаточно прочитать
Introduction и Objectives .
Спойлер
1. Introduction and justification
Currently the number of bird collisions with airplanes is increasing in many countries all over the world that is strongly affected on potential safety of airline flights. This happens due to the increasing concern about environment in connection with the strengthening of environmental legislations, the growth of bird populations attracting to airport areas by special human activities as well as the general increase in flights. The aviation safety experts of many nationalities try to solve or reduce the problem of bird strikes.
In Brazil this problem is serious and urgent as well. The Brazilian aircraft industry has grown considerably during the recent years, reached aircraft fleet and traffic volumes comparable to the most developed economies in the world. However, due to placing many attractive objects for birds in airport areas, the Brazilian statistics of bird collisions are alarming. Since 1981 the Aeronautical Accident Prevention and Investigation Center (CENIPA) carrying on the computer database of all accidents and incidents with aircrafts happened in Brazil due to bird collisions. The large scale of the problem can be proved by the fact, that from 1980 the end of 2000 had been collected 2198 reports about bird strikes with aircrafts. So long as the aircraft fleet and traffic volumes have grown in the country since that time and still are continuing to grow, a potential risk of bird strike crash becomes higher and higher (Bastos 2001).
According to the CENIPA researchers, the most abundant feathery habitant of the airports surroundings and, at the same time, the species which had the highest percentage of collision causes (54.97% from 1126 reports) was the Black Vulture (urubu in Portuguese) Coragyps atratus - a black scavenger bird about 1.5 m of wingspan, 65 cm of length and 1.6 kg of weight, which natural habitat includes the southern United States, Mexico, Central America and most of South America (Bastos 2001, Buckley 1999).
It was revealed that more than 79% of all bird strikes occurred at the airports, their traffic area or its proximities. This allowed concluding that the area where the risk of bird strike events has a maximum probability is a circle surrounding the airport by 10-20 km radius (Bastos 2001).
The analysis of Black Vultures characteristics in conjunction with the general unfavorable situation of airports surroundings allowed explaining why these birds were more frequently stricken by aircrafts in almost all big cities of Brazil. The real estate prices in the areas surrounded airports are cheap because of their locations. Therefore, they are settled by numerous low-income families, which live in shantytowns without adequate sanitary conditions for their garbage. Additionally, in the airports vicinities many waste landfills, slaughterhouses, tanning and fishing industries can settle as a consequence of the same low prices lots.
Because Black Vultures eat meat in deterioration, such activities near the airports attract these birds on the aircraft’s routes. Black Vultures usually soar in flocks on thermals (upwelling warm air flows) and remain for long periods in the air, disturbing the airports’ traffic paths. Due to its large size and behavioral features, the most common control approaches (falconry, ground deterrents) does not work against it. As there are no known natural predators for Black Vultures, their population growth is unbalanced with the food abundance (Bastos 2000).
A lot of measures were undertaken for controlling the bird strike hazard. In 1995 the Ministry of Environment of Brazil signed a resolution creating a bird strike risk assessment area (Área de Gerenciamento de Risco Aviário - AGRA), which consists of a circular area around the airport with 13 or 20 km radius, where is prohibited the establishment and operation of any bird attractive activity, including: waste open dumps, slaughterhouses, tanning and fish industries, some agriculture plantations, etc. (Bastos 2001). To minimize the risk of bird strikes, a check-list of main information about the problem and simple maps shown areas known to have large bird flocks, were included in airports work. Also, it was conducted a wide information campaign explaining the meaning of the problem to different parts of society (it included short seminars, educational films, publishing informational materials and educational activities for children) (Bastos 2000). These efforts brought some positive results but didn’t solve this problem completely. The main reason is that, despite of the approved resolution and informational campaign, most of the “bird attractive” objects haven’t been removed from the airports surroundings. And probably, due to interfering economic and social factors, this will not be done in the nearest future as well.
In this situation it is necessary to find a compromise – an acceptable solution that will be able to work in spite of the presence of attractive objects in airports zones. Also, it is very important to precisely identify the factors accounting for high densities of Black Vultures within the airport surroundings.
This project is devoted to the implementation of these tasks. We are going to research the causes determining the distribution of Black Vultures in the AGRAs around airports, as well as to use GIS techniques for data analysis and visualization of results. Both the analyses of factors affecting the abundance and distribution of birds and the maps developed by GIS methodology may allow us to elaborate effective measures for reduce the risk of bird collisions.
2. Objectives
The main objectives of the project are:
2.1. To elaborate GIS maps of the Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) distribution within circular areas of 20 km radius (AGRA) for two airports: The Campinas-Amarais airport and the Presidente Prudente airport.
2.2. To determine the correlation between this distribution and different anthropogenic, atmospheric and landscape parameters of each AGRA.
2.3. To elaborate a general model for the Black Vultures distribution in each AGRA around these airports.
Currently the number of bird collisions with airplanes is increasing in many countries all over the world that is strongly affected on potential safety of airline flights. This happens due to the increasing concern about environment in connection with the strengthening of environmental legislations, the growth of bird populations attracting to airport areas by special human activities as well as the general increase in flights. The aviation safety experts of many nationalities try to solve or reduce the problem of bird strikes.
In Brazil this problem is serious and urgent as well. The Brazilian aircraft industry has grown considerably during the recent years, reached aircraft fleet and traffic volumes comparable to the most developed economies in the world. However, due to placing many attractive objects for birds in airport areas, the Brazilian statistics of bird collisions are alarming. Since 1981 the Aeronautical Accident Prevention and Investigation Center (CENIPA) carrying on the computer database of all accidents and incidents with aircrafts happened in Brazil due to bird collisions. The large scale of the problem can be proved by the fact, that from 1980 the end of 2000 had been collected 2198 reports about bird strikes with aircrafts. So long as the aircraft fleet and traffic volumes have grown in the country since that time and still are continuing to grow, a potential risk of bird strike crash becomes higher and higher (Bastos 2001).
According to the CENIPA researchers, the most abundant feathery habitant of the airports surroundings and, at the same time, the species which had the highest percentage of collision causes (54.97% from 1126 reports) was the Black Vulture (urubu in Portuguese) Coragyps atratus - a black scavenger bird about 1.5 m of wingspan, 65 cm of length and 1.6 kg of weight, which natural habitat includes the southern United States, Mexico, Central America and most of South America (Bastos 2001, Buckley 1999).
It was revealed that more than 79% of all bird strikes occurred at the airports, their traffic area or its proximities. This allowed concluding that the area where the risk of bird strike events has a maximum probability is a circle surrounding the airport by 10-20 km radius (Bastos 2001).
The analysis of Black Vultures characteristics in conjunction with the general unfavorable situation of airports surroundings allowed explaining why these birds were more frequently stricken by aircrafts in almost all big cities of Brazil. The real estate prices in the areas surrounded airports are cheap because of their locations. Therefore, they are settled by numerous low-income families, which live in shantytowns without adequate sanitary conditions for their garbage. Additionally, in the airports vicinities many waste landfills, slaughterhouses, tanning and fishing industries can settle as a consequence of the same low prices lots.
Because Black Vultures eat meat in deterioration, such activities near the airports attract these birds on the aircraft’s routes. Black Vultures usually soar in flocks on thermals (upwelling warm air flows) and remain for long periods in the air, disturbing the airports’ traffic paths. Due to its large size and behavioral features, the most common control approaches (falconry, ground deterrents) does not work against it. As there are no known natural predators for Black Vultures, their population growth is unbalanced with the food abundance (Bastos 2000).
A lot of measures were undertaken for controlling the bird strike hazard. In 1995 the Ministry of Environment of Brazil signed a resolution creating a bird strike risk assessment area (Área de Gerenciamento de Risco Aviário - AGRA), which consists of a circular area around the airport with 13 or 20 km radius, where is prohibited the establishment and operation of any bird attractive activity, including: waste open dumps, slaughterhouses, tanning and fish industries, some agriculture plantations, etc. (Bastos 2001). To minimize the risk of bird strikes, a check-list of main information about the problem and simple maps shown areas known to have large bird flocks, were included in airports work. Also, it was conducted a wide information campaign explaining the meaning of the problem to different parts of society (it included short seminars, educational films, publishing informational materials and educational activities for children) (Bastos 2000). These efforts brought some positive results but didn’t solve this problem completely. The main reason is that, despite of the approved resolution and informational campaign, most of the “bird attractive” objects haven’t been removed from the airports surroundings. And probably, due to interfering economic and social factors, this will not be done in the nearest future as well.
In this situation it is necessary to find a compromise – an acceptable solution that will be able to work in spite of the presence of attractive objects in airports zones. Also, it is very important to precisely identify the factors accounting for high densities of Black Vultures within the airport surroundings.
This project is devoted to the implementation of these tasks. We are going to research the causes determining the distribution of Black Vultures in the AGRAs around airports, as well as to use GIS techniques for data analysis and visualization of results. Both the analyses of factors affecting the abundance and distribution of birds and the maps developed by GIS methodology may allow us to elaborate effective measures for reduce the risk of bird collisions.
2. Objectives
The main objectives of the project are:
2.1. To elaborate GIS maps of the Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) distribution within circular areas of 20 km radius (AGRA) for two airports: The Campinas-Amarais airport and the Presidente Prudente airport.
2.2. To determine the correlation between this distribution and different anthropogenic, atmospheric and landscape parameters of each AGRA.
2.3. To elaborate a general model for the Black Vultures distribution in each AGRA around these airports.
